Sources
Hardliner wins Sri Lanka election, BBC, 18 November 2005; Sri Lanka Votes, Torn by War and Tsunami, New York Times, 18 November 2005.

Quotations

“Democracy will be strengthened and law and order will be established in the country…For me, power is not an ornament, but a means to serve the people.” President Mahinda Rajapakse, Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), 18 November 2005.

“We’ve got a very polarised society now, into three groups. Those who voted for me for the peace process, those who voted for Mahinda Rajapakse and those who are unable to vote.” Ranil Wickramasinghe, presidential candidate, leader of the United National Party, 18 November 2005.

“An almost total absence of participation in the polls and an atmosphere of violence and intimidation in much of the north and east have significantly affected these elections. …It has compromised the democratic process and institutions.” People’s Action for Free and Fair Elections.

“There is a constituency in the country, among the Sinhalese community in particular, that has concerns, fears, doubts about power-sharing. What Rajapakse is doing is tapping into those fears.” Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu, Center for Policy Alternatives.

“Presidential election of Sri Lanka is totally irrelevant to the Tamil people at this juncture when they are frustrated with the unproductive Cease Fire Agreement and the denial of post-tsunami humanitarian aid in an equitable manner” said Mr.S.P.Tamilselvan, Head of the LTTE Political Wing in an interview with the media after meeting with Tamil National Alliance Legislators yesterday, 10 November 2005.

Related news
“Sri Lanka’s hawkish newly elected President Mahinda Rajapakse on Monday swore in a hard-liner as prime minister, who in the past has pushed for crushing Tamil rebels to end Sri Lanka’s lingering civil war. The ceremony marked the start of 72-year-old Ratnasiri Wickremanayaka’s third stint as prime minister. As prime minister in 2000 and again in 2001, Wickremanayaka spurned compromise with Tamil Tiger rebel officials — pushing for a military solution.” Source: Hard-line Sri Lankan president swears in hawkish prime minister, International Herald Tribune, 21 November 2005.

“There is absolutely no truth in the widespread allegation among the southern political parties that we have entered into a deal with Mahinda Rajapaksa’s side and accepted a large sum of money.” S.P. Tamilselvan, Tiger spokesman, Tigers deny taking bribe to rig Sri Lanka elections, AFP, 2 October 2007.

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SLFP wins general elections
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Quotation

“Despite our reservations about Premadasa… he was the most appropriate choice for succeeding Jayewardene… Whatever his political persona and his limitations, he had a mass base and he was immensely popular with the rural population of Sri Lanka,” JN Dixit, former Indian High Commissioner in Sri Lanka, Assignment Colombo, 1998.

“The Ravaya identified yet another factor for the defeat of the SLFP—caste: “The depressed castes amount to 28.8% of the total populace of the country and 40.44% of the Sinhalese. However they have been prevented from obtaining parliamentary representation that is proportionate to these large numbers. The Govigama caste which makes up 36% of the total population of Sri Lanka occupy 58.5% of the parliamentary seats; Karawa, Salagama and Durawa castes which make up 6.4% of the populace have 14% of the parliamentary seats. The depressed castes amount to 28.8% of the population but have only 5.9% of the parliamentary seats. The SLFP has been unable to demonstrate that it is interested in correcting this injustice. Even in the parliamentary electorates with a majority of depressed caste voters the SLFP has shown a propensity to appoint Govigama organisers—causing these voters to lose faith in the SLFP. For example in 6 out of the 8 electorates in the Kegalle district (with the exception of the electorates of Dedigama and Mawanella) the majority of the voters come from non-Govigama castes. Still most of the organisers representing these electorates are members of the Govigama caste. If at the Presidential election the competition was between two candidates from ‘Walawwas’ this factor would not have been of much pertinence. But the fact that this time the competition was not between two feudals but a feudal and a non-feudal caused a change. This factor too played a role in the SLFP’s defeat in its traditional bastions such as the districts of Ratnapura, Kegalle and Kandy.”Insurrectionary Violence in Sri Lanka: The Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna Insurgencies of 1971 and 1987-1989, Tisaranee Gunasekara, Ethnic Studies Report, ICES, Vol. XVII, No. 1, January 1999.

Related events
29 July 1987
18 September 1989
February 1990
1 May 1993

The new Constitution, promulgated on the 7th of September 1978, provided for a unicameral Parliament with legislative power and an Executive President. The term of office of the president and of parliament was to be six years. The new constitution also introduced a Proportional Representation system. Sinhala remained the “official language of Sri Lanka” (with Tamil being a “national language”) and Buddhist taking the “the foremost place”. Chapter III lists a range of “fundamental rights”, but subject to restrictions including importantly in the interests of “national security” (article 15).

Key extracts
The State
1. Sri Lanka (Ceylon) is a free, Sovereign, Independent and Democratic Socialist Republic and shall be known as the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka.

Unitary State
2. The Republic of Sri Lanka is a Unitary State.

Sovereignty of the People
3. In the Republic of Sri Lanka sovereignty is in the people and is inalienable. Sovereignty includes the powers of government, fundamental rights and the franchise.

Exercise of Sovereignty
4. The Sovereignty of the People shall be exercised and enjoyed in the following manner :-

(a) the legislative power of the People shall be exercised by Parliament, consisting of elected representatives of the People and by the People at a Referendum;

(b) the executive power of the People including the defence of Sri Lanka, shall be exercised by the President of the Republic elected by the People;

(c) the judicial power of the People shall be exercised by Parliament through courts, tribunals and institutions created and established, or recognized, by the Constitution, or created and established by law, except in regard to matters relating to the privileges, immunities and powers of Parliament and of its Members, wherein the judicial power of the People may be exercised directly by Parliament according to law;

(d) the fundamental rights which are by the Constitution declared and recognized shall be respected, secured and advanced by all the organs of government, and shall not be abridged, restricted or denied, save in the manner and to the extent hereinafter provided; and

(e) the franchise shall be exercisable at the election of the President of the Republic and of the Members of Parliament, and at every Referendum by every citizen who has attained the age of eighteen years, and who being qualified to be an elector as hereinafter provided, has his name entered in the register of electors.
…

CHAPTER II – BUDDHISM

Buddhism
9. The Republic of Sri Lanka shall give to Buddhism the foremost place and accordingly it shall be the duty of the State to protect and foster the Buddha Sasana, while assuring to all religions the rights granted by Articles 10 and 14(1)(e).

CHAPTER III – FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

Freedom of thought, conscience and religion
10. Every person is entitled to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, including the freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice.

Freedom from torture
11. No person shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

Right to equality
12. (1) All persons are equal before the law and are entitled to the equal protection of the law.

(2) No citizen shall be discriminated against on the grounds of race, religion, language, caste, sex, political opinion, place of birth or any such grounds:

Provided that it shall be lawful to require a person to acquire within a reasonable time sufficient knowledge of any language as a qualification for any employment or office in the Public, Judicial or Local Government Service or in the service of any public corporation, where such knowledge is reasonably necessary for the discharge of the duties of such employment or office:

Provided further that it shall be lawful to require a person to have sufficient knowledge of any language as a qualification for any such employment of office where no function of that employment or office can be discharged otherwise than with a knowledge of that language.

(3) No person shall, on the grounds of race, religion, language, caste, sex or any one such grounds, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to access to shops, public restaurants, hotels, places of public entertainment and places of public worship of his own religion.

(4) Nothing in this Article shall prevent special provision being made, by law, subordinate legislation or executive action, for the advancement of women, children or disabled persons.

Freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention and punishment, and prohibition of retroactive penal legislation

13. (1) No person shall be arrested except according to procedure established by law. Any person arrested shall be informed of the reason for his arrest.
…
Freedom of Speech, assembly, association, movement
14. (1) Every citizen is entitled to -

(a) the freedom of speech and expression including publication;
(b) the freedom of peaceful assembly;
(c) the freedom of association;
(d) the freedom to form and join a trade union;
(e) the freedom, either by himself or in association with others, and either in public or in private, to manifest his religion or belief in worship, observance, practice or teaching;
(f) the freedom by himself or in association with others to enjoy and promote his own culture and to use his own language;
(g) the freedom to engage by himself or in association with others in any lawful occupation, profession, trade, business or enterprise;
(h) the freedom of movement and of choosing his residence within Sri Lanka; and
(i) the freedom to return to Sri Lanka.
…

Restrictions on fundamental rights
15. (1) The exercise and operation of the fundamental rights declared and recognized by Articles 13 (5) and 13 (6) shall be subject only to such restrictions as may be prescribed by law in the interests of national security. For the purposes of this paragraph “law” includes regulations made under the law for the time being relating to public security.

(2) The exercise and operation of the fundamental right declared and recognized by Article 14(1) (a) shall be subject to such restrictions as may be prescribed by law in the interests of racial and religious harmony or in relation to parliamentary privilege, contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence.

(3) The exercise and operation of the fundamental right declared and recognized by Article 14(1) (b) shall be subject to such restrictions as may be prescribed by law in the interests of racial and religious harmony.

(4) The exercise and operation of the fundamental right declared and recognized by Article 14(1) (c) shall be subject to such restrictions as may be prescribed by law in the interests, of racial and religious harmony or national economy.

(5) The exercise and operation of the fundamental right declared and recognized by Article 14 (1) (g) shall be subject to such restrictions as may be prescribed by law in the interests, of national economy or in relation to -

(a) the professional, technical, academic, financial and other qualifications necessary for practising any profession or carrying on any occupation, trade, business or enterprise, and the licensing and disciplinary control of the person entitled to such fundamental right, and

(b) the carrying on by the State, a State agency or a public corporation of any trade, business,, industry, service or enterprise whether to the exclusion, complete or partial, of citizens or otherwise.

(6) The exercise and operation of the fundamental right declared and recognized by Article 14 (1) (h) shall be subject to such restrictions as may be prescribed by law in the interests of national economy.

(7) The exercise and operation of all the fundamental rights declared and recognized by Articles 12, 13(1), 13(2) and 14 shall be subject to such restrictions as may be prescribed by law in the interests of national security, public order and the protection of public health or morality, or for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others, or of meeting the just requirements of the general welfare of a democratic society. For the purposes of this paragraph ” law ” includes regulations made under the law for the time being relating to public security.

(8) The exercise and operation of the fundamental rights declared and recognized by Articles 12 (1), 13 and 14 shall, in their application to the members of the Armed Forces, Police Force and other Forces charged with the maintenance of public order, be subject to such restrictions as may be prescribed by law in the interests of the proper discharge of their duties and the maintenance of discipline among them.

…

Remedy for the infringement of fundamental rights by executive action
17. Every person shall be entitled to apply to the Supreme Court, as provided by Article 126, in respect of the infringement or imminent infringement, by executive or administrative action, of a fundamental right to which I such person is entitled under the provisions of this Chapter.

CHAPTER IV – LANGUAGE

Official Language
18. The Official Language of Sri Lanka shall be Sinhala.

19. The national languages of Sri Lanka shall be Sinhala and Tamil.

* Note: Amendment of Article 18 of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka by the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution Section 2 (b):

Article 18 of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (hereinafter referred to as the “Constitution”) is hereby amended as follows:-

(a) by the renumbering of that Article as paragraph (1) of that Article;
(b) by the addition immediately after paragraph (1) of that Article of the following paragraphs:
(2) Tamil shall also be an official language.
(3) English shall be the link language

…

CHAPTER VII – THE EXECUTIVE

The President of the Republic

30. (1) There shall be a President of the Republic of Sri Lanka, who is the Head of the State, the Head of the Executive and of the Government, and the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.

(2) The President of the Republic shall be elected by the people, and shall hold office for a term of six years.

The election and the term of office of President
…

Sources
Full text of 1978 Constitution, together with subsequent amendments, Ministry of Constitutional Affairs and National Integration;
Full text of the 1978 Constitution, original text without amendments, Official website of the Government of Sri Lanka

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